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According to Article 267 TFEU, which of the following statements accurately describes the obligation of a national court to request a preliminary ruling from the Court of Justice of the European Union? A The Court of Justice may refer a question to a national court if it considers that a decision on the question is necessary to enable the national court to give judgment. B A national court must always refer a question to the Court of Justice if the question concerns the validity of an act of the institutions, regardless of whether a judicial remedy exists under national law. C Under Article 234 TFEU, a court of last instance must refer a question if it concerns the interpretation of the Treaties, provided the question is raised in a case pending before such court. D A national court is under an obligation to refer a question only when the case is pending before a court or tribunal against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under national law.
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