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Under Article 267 TFEU, which of the following accurately describes the conditions and obligations for national courts requesting preliminary rulings from the Court of Justice? A The obligation to refer arises exclusively when a national court explicitly declares a provision of Union law incompatible with the Constitution, triggering a mandatory referral under Article 267 TFEU. B Courts against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under national law must refer a question to the Court of Justice when they consider that a decision on the question is necessary to enable them to give judgment. C National courts are permitted to refer questions concerning the interpretation of the Treaties, but questions regarding the validity of Union acts must be resolved through direct actions brought by Member States before the Court of Justice. D Any national court may refer a question regarding the validity of Union acts only if it has first obtained an advisory opinion from the General Court on the interpretation of the relevant Treaty provision.
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